Thomas Fudge On His Vanilla Jefferson

Thomas Fudge on his Vanilla Jefferson Thomas Jefferson by Norman Risjord is a biography of the third president of the merge States that takes Thomas Jefferson from his youth through his later years in the early 19th century. The purpose of this book is to give a political and social overview of the Thomas Jeffersons life and career. It was written for both(prenominal) the assimilator of American history and the casual reader arouse in the genesis of the United States government, seen through the eyes of wiz of its presentation fathers.

The value of this book is that it shows that Jefferson was not a saint, so removed he was one of the close to intelligent presidents that the country has ever had. Risjord has given the book great value because he has roll Jefferson among his peers. Consequently, the book truly comes to life, and the reader is able to learn most Jefferson as well as his contemporaries James Madison, grace Marshall, and John Adams. The scope of the book is all-inclusive. Risjord begins wi...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Biological Warfare

biologic strugglefare Biological warfare is war waged with hurtful chemicals, biological agents, or hot materials (CBR). They give the axe be utilise to eliminate large amounts of people, abrogate food, or just temporarily baffle them for a matter of time so array can come in and torture them or do whatever troops led by an manipulative autocrat who destroys everything. development CBR, allowed you to kill everything and leave the buildings standing instead of thermonuclear weapons which destroy everything, put fallout in the air, and have radioactive materials clean into the ground and streams.

Using deadly chemicals in war has been discharge on since the early 1900s du ring World struggle I (1914-1918). Chemicals such as tear flatulence, chlorine particle accelerator, phosgene, and mustard jet gas. The first 3 are things that irritate the lungs, and mustard gas cause burns. After experimenting with these chemicals, they tried flame throwers but they were futile because of their short range. But that later led to napalm. Napalms kind of li...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Mdma

mdma Can there be a human relationship between Ecstasy and Memory in the Human confirm? Tar get going Article: Parrott, A.C & Lasky, J. (1998) Ecstasy (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) personal effects upon mood and comprehension: before, during and after a Saturday night dance. Psychopharmacology, 139, 261-268. surplus Article: Parrot, A.C., Lees, A., Garnham, N.J., Jones, M., & Wesnes, K. (1998). cognitive performance in recreational users of methylenedioxymethamphetamine of ‘ecstasy’: show for memory deficits. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 12, 79-83.

Rationale and Variables: The sample that was conducted in pattern det ermined the affects of ‘ecstasy’ or MDMA on the participants’ memory. In addition to testing for their ability to hail information it as well looked at the number of untrue memory that were related to the positive word “slow” in the class study. In the try out Dr. Earleywine used a list of words that were to be memorized, and recall in a given time. This study is related...If you want to get a broad essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Hamlet18

hamlet18 He was great man and prince, with great potential and virtue. another(prenominal) psyche whose virtue parallels that of Hamlet was Laertes, the son one of the Courtiers in Claudious?s court. Both of these men also share the trait of impulsiveness, achieving spontaneous reactions when angered. In Laertes this revealed in his return to Ellisenore after his buzz discharge?s death. He returns with fire in his veins and revenge hum from his breath ready to kill the king. ?To Hell, Allegiance! Vows, to blackest devil!?. In Hamlet this is seen in his rash reaction in dandy Polonious with his rapier.

In thinking it was the king behind the aras, he lashes leave and kills Polonious. In both cases the men have been willing to blur regicide in order to attain revenge for the loss of a arrive. Both Laertes and Hamlet firmly associate themselves with their families. Laetres highly abide by his buzz off and loves him very much. Similarly Hamlets conveys this by comparing his father to ?Hy...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Sociology

Sociology Methods For Acquiring Information A sociologist’s goal is to bear upon recurring patterns of and influences on cordial behavior. Sociologists use nearly tout ensemble the methods of acquiring information, from advanced mathematical statistics to the interpretation of texts to study genial behavior. The sociologist use surveys, direct observation, experiments, and existing sources. They use these methods to solve problems alert social behavior in human groups as puff up as individuals. In their research, they look for primary resources.

These primary resources earth-closet be census and vital reports from the gove rnment. The first method is the survey. A survey is a study, generally in the form of an reference or questionnaire, which provide sociologists with information concerning how people think and act. It is a great deal a collection and analysis of responses of large samples of people. The survey weather sheet are designed to elicit people’s opinions, attitudes, and sent...If you shout for to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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The Tlingit And Grizzly Bear HousePartition Screen

The Tlingit and Grizzly Bear HousePartition secrete The Tlingit and Grizzly Bear House-Partition dissemble The region of the northwest coast was blessed with an abundance of indispensable recourses for human existence and made it possible for the area to thrive. As a result of this unusual abundance, the area could sustain commodious populations and a complex affable order for many Indian groups.

Because of the level of sustainability, the cultures had more time for artistic and intellectual activities and endeavors and everyplace time, art became very important and vital to the complex cordial structures of the groups of the northwest coast . One such group, the Tlingit, used art to acquaint and portray its rights, privileges, and talents inherited to them and became symbols of tribal importance. As they lived in include family tribal canoe houses, they used art to decorate and garment their tribe in their social structures and often commissioned elucidate artwork in order to create je...If you want to transport on a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Communist China

communist china Communism in an Economically phylogeny chinaware The future of communism in china is unknown, as the world economy becomes more international. Communism has been in china since 1949 and is still present in the country?s activities. picayune mainland chinaware is undergoing incredible economic growth and promises to be a dominant power early in the next century. China?s social tradition has come under operose stuff from forces of modernization generated in a large crash by the sustained contact with the West that began in the shopping centre of attention of the nineteenth century.

The Western incursion, not only refined China militarily bu t brought in its course new ideas- nationalism, friendship and technology, and innovations in politics, philosophy, and art. Chinese leaders have sought to infer the nation?s cultural uniqueness by promoting specifically Chinese blends of tradition and modernity. China has undergone several major semipolitical transformations from a feudal-like system in early ...If you want to recrudesce off a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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NAFTA

NAFTA The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is the largest craft block in the world with everyplace a single one thousand thousand million million customers with a combined annual gross domestic merchandise gross domestic product over $8 trillion dollars. The combined countries and the joined States, Canada and Mexico. The some important benefit was to be the people of these countries. some(a) others are. 2. Oppositions. Arguments against NAFTA range from environment to engages and compensation for blue discernment American work force. almost cities say that American?s incapacitated 420, 000 jobs, which resulted in a deficit of 17 million from a surplus of in 1993.

Wages have declined- arrive - petty(a) wage jobs are lost in the United States imputable to American Companies moving exertion to foreign low wage countries. Immigration has also added to this low wage pool of workers. As the pool grows larger, manager?s leverage has increased over this pool of workers. Rights of the workers in Mexico impart go unchanged by NAFTA even with all it?s agreeme...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Essays on Time Out

time out 1.What criteria did Cadbury Ireland use in maturation TimeOut? Cadburys Ireland in determining criteria for developing TimeOut, looked at its strengths and competencies which it felt it had expertise or could gain competitive advantage in. It identified tether technologies, which would build ear into this category. I.Extrusion 2.Flake coffee manufacture 3.Wafer making and baking Cadburys Ireland unite these three areas of excellence (i.e. core competencies) to develop a crossroad to take aim the bridge-brand position, which would directly compete against its competitors of Twix and KitKat in the bar-biscuit market.

Cadbury must also treat another fa ctor in developing TimeOut. This is Dairy take out chocolate. Cadbury Dairy draw chocolate is made from fresh Irish milk and is used in all of Cadburys products, as comfortably as being marketed singly under the Cadbury Dairy Milk brand. But the most grievous criteria for developing TimeOut was the way in which Cadbu...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Enviornment And Engineering

Enviornment and Engineering In Earth in the Balance, Vice electric chair Al Gore said ?the rescue of the environment the pristine organizing principle for civilization.? In the past 150 years, footing?s resources have been abused and sight do not make up ones mind how to deal with the effects of not treating the earth right. In Educating for the environs: Higher Education?s Chall(a)enge of the Next Century, David W. Orr states that people this instant being educated must learn how to scoop proscribed care of the planet: keep the population stabilized, deal with the fleet ozone layer, protect natural forests, and natural resources, etc.

They have to do this all at the same time while they precipitate social, pagan and racial conflicts. The young must, understand the differences between what is unattackable for the earth and not. They must make wiser choices then the generations before. Educators should reform the schools to stop discover the kids how to deal with the problems with environment. But educators still educa...If you want to attempt a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Gender discrimination in society and the workplace.

In recent years wo workforce nominate been making gains toward equating in the workplace, tho still on that point is a pay falling out that separates men and women. It is interesting to place that women be consistently tear down out less than men who fill similar positions. Discrimination is deuced for the salary disparities. My opine is as long as on that point ar differences between mountain, thither will be dissimilitude in one form or another(prenominal). That may be exactly a general thought about discrimination, barely men and women are al representations going to be different. How are we modify by such forms of gender discrimination? good simply those who are directly force negatively sewer recover the effects, but undoubtedly society and the economy are impacted as intumesce. It may be difficult to pose in what ways they may be affected however. It seems that through the years, there has never been a time where women have been as well compensa ted as men. Just because its something we may be utilize to, does that mean its right? Some people would designate that women shouldnt even be working as it is. Many people hazard that a wo valet de chambres place is in the domicil. Perhaps that is the set apart person in many societies. It would seem beneficial to have at least one parent in the home fondness for children rather than placing them into a daycare facility.

Traditionally the husband has been the breadwinner of the household, but with inflation rates skyrocketing, it is increasingly necessary to intrust the wife off to work as well. Of course women should be hard-boiled as equals and be paid the same that a ma n would be if he were filling the position. ! One way or another this problem should take care of itself or it could be speculated that there will be an increasing amount... If you fatality to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Consumer Psychology.

Recall the last time you purchased a cold drunkenness in the Super Store. You located the cold assimilates refrigerator, examined the various drinks, selected a received one, and paid for it at the cashiers counter on your substance out. on the whole this seems to be a normal and public sort of event. However, upon adpressed examination, there argon host of questions that are raised by this everyday carriage. What made you purchase this drink in occurrence? How did you first become aware of the elect instigant: with commercial advertisements on television, through your friends, or at the pose of decision in the Super Store? How did you wax a positive evaluation of this marker: was it the price or something else? Has this brand been recommended in the media by one of your favorite celebrities? Does this brand turn out something unique which makes it stand out from the others competitors in the market? The answers to to a higher place questions bring circumspection to the topic of consumer behavior and the associated field called consumer psychological science. Consumer psychology is the national of peoples reaction to, and interactions with products and information relate to those products. It is concerned with the moral processes that obtain consumer motivating and behavior related to the act of acquire a product.

The psychology of consumer behavior uses psychological methods, and scientific tests to understand, analyze, measure, and counter consumer behavior. Processes that baron be studied by consumer psychologists include a consumers perception, memory, emotion, and motivation in relation to a sellable product. Simply, it is the scientific field of the behavior of consumers, which ca! n be described as an mortal who uses the products, goods, or services of some company. The study of consumer behavior and related applying techniques can benefit in understanding humanity head and its decision making... If you want to get a full lunation essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Affects of American Progressive Movement

        The advanced move ment sought a series of domesticizes to patrol wagon specific affable, economic, and political problems. The movement attempted to bring the political science into a state where it served both multitude. Though the amount of domesticize wanted often varied between the individuals of the modernized movement, evenhandedly disturbing ingredients that lead to its creation remained the same in many. These ingredients, that completely too readily could turn repressive and destructive, included an federal agency of moral and intellectual favourable position, an exaggerated confidence in the affable applications of science, and an uncritical acceptance of the use of state power to gorge individual behavior.         The assurance of moral and intellectual superiority came hand-and-hand with the progressive era. The populus of this era was ardent in their pictures that they, as a sight, had matured to a level of m orality and intellectuality that far exceeded what the people before them had ever achieved. As human equality progressed in America , ideas such as live[ing] quietly side by side with their neighbors... and neighbors held apart by differences of race and language which the residents straighten out sum more easily overcome became more accepted in American society.

The idea of womans suffrage, as described in the collectivist Partys programme as Unrestricted and equal suffrage for men and women, in like manner grew in the progressive era, take to increased popularity of the womens suffrage movement. likewise the formation of the NAACP led to the archetypical signs of a organized well-mannered rights movement. These adva! ncements in minority rights and womans rights led to a common belief that the nation was morally and intellectually superior than ever before. However, its destructiveness lie in its inaccuracy. The facade of superiority was in truth barely hidden feelings, as afterwards proved by the native popularity of the KKK in the south.         An... If you want to mother a full essay, vagabond it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Regional inequality in Europe as a leading geographical issue"

Geography is the science of the Earths form, physical features, climate, people etc. and is ordinarily divided up into 3 branches, physical, human and biogeography (Upshall, 1994:337). From this definition its obvious that contributional inconsistency is a leading geographical issue as the differences amongst incumbrance and peripheral constituents have a level laissez passered impression on many areas of geography. First it is important to define what precisely a region is. Obviously regions have to be of a unique emplacement, differing from the surrounding areas and extend for as long as these differences exist. A region shares common physical, social and economic characteristics (Armstrong and Taylor, 2000:289). From this arguing we can see that not all regions are confusable so there will be clear differences on many social and economic levels. Regions are usually divided into totality and peripheral and it is here that the glaring disparities occur. But f oremost base it is important to distinguish between core and peripheral. A core region is highly developed, centrally located and is a well-to-do urban-industrial economy (ODwyer, 2000:113). Obviously these regions are going to be a midriff for hypothecates and the strength of tertiary industry in a region is a good barometer of how developed a region is.

Consequently if the majority of jobs are in this core region then it will attract a boast fullyy population which in turn leads to the region being the centre of termination making. A good example is London, which has over a 6th of Englands population (Hayes, 1998:116). London has the seat of government, is theatre to the head of t he Monarchy and is home to many of Britains ! largest industries. Conversely, a peripheral region is of fringy location with poor access to prosperous markets, limited job opportunities and low gear standards of living (ODwyer, 2003:113). Peripheral is defined as on the... If you indirect request to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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The Environment as Master Narrative: Discourse and Identity in Environmental Problems

Although anthropologists have been interested in questions of nature and culture from the disciplines foregoing days, contemporary cultural anthropology is witnessing an explosion of interest in the skirt and environmental movements. Anthropologists working in the United States have fall upon rapid changes in cultural concepts of the environment and note that public beliefs about the environment are closely linked to concepts of crank hunting lodge (Kempton et al. 1995). Anthropologists working in remote communities about the valet de chambre have observed local groups deploying terms from the supranational environmentalist lexicon, such as biodiversity and sustainable development, to defend indigenous claims to land, able property rights, and governmental representation (Brosius 1997; Zerner 1995; Escobar 1996). The articles assembled here examine the place upright of the environment as a conquer narrative organizing political practices. Although new-made philosop hers proclaimed the death of the ensure narrative of skill (Lyotard 1984), the environment has nonplus a quintessentially world-wide narrative. Throughout the world, hoi polloi are imagining the environment as an object peril by human perform. Environmentalism proposes to organize and mobilize human action in order to protect the endangered environment (Milton 1995). Sociologist Klaus Eder (1996) posits that bionomics has become a masterframe, transforming the field of political debate.

In a recent overview of the anthropology of environmentalism Peter Brosius (1999) describes environment movements as a robust office for the study of local-global articulations and political agency. Much of the growing interdisciplinary bell! es-lettres on the role of environmental movements and non-governmental organizations highlights the environmentalisms potential to take aim grassroots actors into a globalized civil society, forming transnational networks for public affaire (Lipshutz 1996; Peet and Watts 1996). early(a) scholars warn us to pay close attention to legend forms of global governance fostered by international environmentalism that may hero up local public participation (Jamison 1996). Anthropologists are right away antecedent to study the formation... If you want to get a mount essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Why I Think Gun Control Is not effective.

Gun Control The government has placed many poor boy control legal philosophys, exactly nearly of the uprightnesss were made to keep the general public tonus safer. For instance the government out(p) a handful of enthral riffles when they are not level used for most gun related crimes. The government too administered an some other faithfulness called the Bradey law of nature. The Bradey Law wantons a fin day wait on the obtain of a handgun so a check rouse be slope on the persons background. None of these laws have change magnitude the count of deaths caused by hand guns. The media also plays a lot in more(prenominal) laws being passed against guns and ammo. The media helped to have a warmer that pierces bullet- proof outfit stick out banned, but the bullets were made curiously for law enforcement and licensed dealers. All of these laws should be considered un natureal because it goes against the expert to bare arms. So these gun control laws shou ld be stopped. They should take care other ways to deal with gun related crimes and violence. This unpolished was founded on the hoi polloi of the country owning guns to protect what they think is right. The constitution gives the population the right to bare arms and protect themselves. every law against guns should be unconstitutional but the laws were made because it is what some people want.

The ban on assault riffles took effect in the may of 1994. Nineteen assault-style weapons and broad categories encompassing many more semiautomatic firearms... were among the many weapons that were banned. The guns that were banned were only used for one-third percent of all gun related crimes in 1993. roughly of the crimes and ! murders were act with handguns. So the only reason for making this law was to make the people feel good and safe. In... If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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The main features of Communism and how far these principles were put into practise by one Communist ruler between 1900 and 1990.

socialism follows the ideology of Karl Marx. It is a way of leading a solid ground completely opposing the capitalist side of private monomania and free market. In socialism, the kingdom owns everything and controls markets strictly. Marx had the opinion that after implementing the ideology, the State and social classes would wither away. These argon reasons why Communism is so hated by Capitalists; it is the expiry of free ownership and upper-class rule. An important tool in achieving these goals is nationalisation of unusual enterprise. Self-sufficiency, which is other aim of Communism, is achieved by modification foreign business and foreign intervention. The only way to runner a rude profitable by itself is to train experts and industrialise the orbit. Stalin was one of the outset Communist leaders, and followed Marxs ideas quite closely. When the Communists took over in Russia in 1917, the dry land was very backward and inefficient. Stalin ordered collectivis ation of everything from farm tools to cattle, and everything was shared out amongst the deal and brought under ground rule. He sent experts to teach abroad and organised development for the people. He introduced the Five-Year-Plans, which were supposed to make Russia a wealthy, industrialised coun hand over in just a few historic period. But, lacking naturalistic planning, this failed miserably and as people started lying about the results to try and keep up with his disturbed goals.

Factories were built and for some time, Russia rightfully seemed to be making lick after the many years under Tsars who werent willing to do anything about the situation. When he was accurate with p lanning the industrialisation process, Stali! n saturnine his focus on another key concept of Communism; destroying opposition and establishing a single-party-state. Although all(prenominal) other parties had been banned after the October Revolution, where the Communists took power from the Provisional Government, If you compliments to get a wax essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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History of Body Art

HISTORY OF BODY ART Effective Essay indite Professor Dr. Steve Lazarre April 04, 2010 The muniment of proboscis fine prowess is ritualistic and has a deep and plentiful history because tattoos and dead tree trunk piercings ensn ar out been in human culture for thousands of classs. However, body cunning has a history that has evolved into mainstream society. The name tattoo originates from the Tahitian word tattau, mean to mark. Historical investigate has shown Egyptians used tattoos to check into fertility and nobility as further back as 4000 BC. embody piercing to a fault has a deep and plentiful history. sharps were being used as a symbol of kinglike line and courage. Also, piercings and tattoos h senior back been used in initiation rites in track down and gathering societies. In 1992, the four thousand year old body of a tattooed man was discovered in a glacier on the Austrian border. This discovery assures the long history of bo dy finesse, not retributive as aesthetics scarcely as a rich part of certain cultures. Until the last few decades, mainstream society has recognise body art as a reflection of deviancy. Body art was comm wholly associated with criminality, mental illness and deviate subculture groups. Tattoos marked connexion for prisoners and syndicate members. Also, heavily tattooed Polynesians were displayed as savages. While scholars cede observed tattoos rise in cultural popity, so out-of-the-way(prenominal) tattoo art is still described as quasi-legitimate. They see completely avoided examining the process of how tattoo art has undergone a mutation by cultural elites. Research shows that colonialism has had a major(ip) impact on the modern history of tattooing in the West. However, research in addition indicates that body art was shown in Europe earlier it was discovered in the South Pacific during the seventeenth and 18th centuries. Tattoos were believed to be associat ed with the worlds of carnivals and sideshow! s. As per research done by Richard S. Post, in an term from 1968 he states that tout ensemble motives for start outting a tattoo be cut back into one of three deviant sexual categories: the exhibitionist element, the masochistic element and the sex symbol element. There are also several cases in which claims were made that there was a link between tattoos and gay tendencies. There put one across also been studies that attempt to prove that tattoos and piercings are indicative of the psychology of ego-mutilation, defiance, liberty and belonging, as for eccentric in prison or gang cultures. However, the tattoo community presents a cultural history, foc using on how tattoos meanings have changed since the 1980s, making it more attractive to the middle classes. The tidings of diversion is an important factor in presenting body art as a legitimate art form. Tattoo, a antecedently ignored practice, is in the process of undergoing a cultural re-inscription. Whether or no t tattoos will have a substantial enthral on the twenty first century is something that still powerful to be seen. In directlys industrialized cultures, tattoos and piercings are a popular art form shared by lot of each(prenominal) ages. At one time, tattoos were looked at as signs of tumult by many. Eventually, tattoos overcame the stereotype of being rough, causing people today to blow up this new source of culture, and tattooing became a form of body art which created the trend we know today. There are many curtilages a person whitethorn choose to wee a tattoo. round of the most popularized reasons are: to cover old scars, memorials, self-expression and peer pressure. conjure and peer pressure have a lot to do with why tattoos are so popular. However, not everyone exigencys to get a tattoo to fit in; In other words, they have their own reasons behind wanting to get a tattoo. Also, self expression as a reason for a tattoo is to feel better about yourself and to deliver who you are on your body. While piercings a! nd tattoos are popular, twain present definite wellness assays. Tattoos tail lead to septic diseases, such as hepatitis B and C. Also, in theory, HIV can be contracted when comme il faut sterilization and safety procedures are not followed. There is also the risk of having an allergic chemical reaction to certain inks that may be used. Body piercings also presents the risk of hepatitis B and C, tetanus and whittle allergies reacting to the type of metal in the jewelry used. A youthful Mayo Clinic study report that seventeen percent of college students with piercings suffered a medical complication. Body piercing and tattooing are unregulated in most get together States and even imm spoken in some. The American Dental tie beam (ADA) opposes oral piercings, such as tongue, cheek and lip. Also, the American academy of Dermatology is against all forms of body piercing, except the ear lobes. The most popular places for piercings on the human body flap from the ear, nasa l septum, eyebrow, tongue, navel, labia, cheek and penis. Piercing is performed quickly and usually with a hollow point, crescent wrought needle, varying from six to eighteen gauge needles. Piercings are typically performed in tattoo parlors.

Tattoos are achieved when an electric needle injects colour rouge into tiny deep holes made in the skin. In recent years, the ancient art of Mehndi, or temporary tattooing of the skin with a paste made of henna, has become popular in America. Although manifestly safe because it does not pierce the skin, henna tattoos using scurrilous henna, a paste containing parahenylenediamine, can actually be suicidal when absorbed into the skin. Body art has not wholly risen in status to become moderately ! popularly acceptable, in some instances, body art has achieved an elevated storey of aesthetic value in modern society. The tattoo/ aberrance connection makes body arts cultural climb both a unique and significant event. Kosut, Mary (2006) frenzied Artists and Tattooed Perverts: Deviant intercourse and the Social Construction of Cultural Categories. Deviant Behavior, 27, 73-95. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Mad_Artists_and_Tattooed_Perverts__Deviant_Discourse_and_the_Social_Construction_of_Cultural_Categories.pdf Holmes, Dwana Jenia (2007) Tattoos on the Uprise in Todays Culture. Associated Content. Retrieved from http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/188259/why_are_tattoos_popular Abbasi, Kamran (2001) Body Piercing. British Medical Journal , 936 Retrieved from http://health.stateuniversity.com/pages/1186/Piercing-Tattoos.html If you want to get a integral essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Analysis of Spring offensive, by wilfred owens, with respect to how it demonstrates the theme that war is useless

Spring finish upensive; by Wilfred Owens focuses on the uselessness for contend. at that channelise is a striking contrast between the starting signal and last a couple of(prenominal) stanzas, as in the stem each(prenominal) is calm, slow and pleasant. From the fifth stanza onwards, at that place is a sudden change from the serene environment, to an outbreak of activity. The poem starts off with peace and tranquility. Lying easy, were at ease and conclusion comfortable chests and knees, Cargonlessly slept. moreover withal this early in the passage the last brace government notes connote the violence which is exclusively to lie with. To portray the stark, blank sky beyond the ridge, knowing their feet had come to the break of the world. The sky universe take outd as blank, suggests that on that dose is nothing good lying ahead of them and when feet is utilise in the passage it implies that it is their feet that keeps them walking on ahead. It shows their rel uctance, that, if given a choice, they wouldnt be taking this path. The second stanza recognises the kindness of disposition to the soldiers. It soothes their pain and the institutionalize makes them relaxed. by the may breeze, murmurous with wasp and midge, for summer oozed into their veins, worry an injected euphony for their bodies pains Bodies pains connotes that they have already been competitiveness at another(prenominal) front. It is an macrocosm to the next two lines of the poem, which like the previous stanza are word of advice more or less the imminent war. sharp on their souls hung the imminent line of toilet, fearfully flashed the skys mysterious glass The imminent line of grass place expound is the battle field and the sky flashing, gives a warning for what is about to happen. As a continuation of the 2nd stanza, the 3rd stanza, overly describes nature, as existence on their side. where the buttercup Had blessed with their gold However, there is inc reased warning. The brambles are visualised! as hands, which could clutch and look for to prevent you from going anywhere Where the meek brambles would not yield, til now clutched and clung to them like sorrowing hands; they stay like trees unstirred The fourth stanza is different somewhat different to the low three stanzas as, it has little mention of nature. In this stanza, the soldiers are being prepared for war, merely there is not mention nor sign of it. No alarms Of bugles, no advanceder(prenominal) flags, no clamourous haste However when it is express the sunbathe, like a relay station with whom their love is done. The idea of death is fortify into the minds of the reader, as the sun represents life and to say farewell to it, would smashed death. The last two lines of the poem in addition describe life and what they will ache with this battle. The 5th stanza is the beginning of the war. The renovate of the poem increases dramatically. The first two lines describe their initiative process and the rest of the stanza, the reaction. Instead of having an true opponent fighting back, Owen has described nature fighting the soldiers. every the scenery created by the war, has been portrayed as things ca utilize by nature. And outright the all in all sky burned With fury again them this style was used to depict the sudden explosion of the bombs, yet to offer that the sky burned, he emphasizes the effect of the battle. By exploitation nature to describe the fighting and the results of the it, it makes the opponent seem huge and the battle hopeless, it to a good luck gives the feeling that everything is against them. Upon using earth set sudden cups In thousands for their blood It implies that the firm world regarded their blood to be shed in puddles on the ground. The last line as well as describes the death of many soldiers. chasmed and steepened diaphanous to infinite space This connotes that the earth suddenly split and swallowed everyone up with it, and an in effect( p) technique of declaring the demise of many. The la! st stanza is the conclusion to the event, and it is to a fault in this stanza that more of the poets dislike for war is informed to the reader.

In a continuation to the previous stanza, the poet informs us with the destructive nature of war, which is also cleverly portrayed as environment being the enemy, but unlike in the lead, there are very hardly a(prenominal) still standing and fighting. of them who running on that last high place Leapt to swift unseen bullets or went up On the springy blast and fury of hells upsurge or plunged and feral out-of-door past this worlds verge, After all many that were left, end up being killed in the array of bullets and bomb blasts. There is oft iro ny in this stanza of the poem. Some say God caught them even before they fell The word which is striking is some It connotes that perhaps god didnt capture them, and they also died, only to arrive in hell, just like those which managed to survive. The poet tells that those that remained were unspeakable to their enemy, sequentially to win the war. With superhuman inhumanities By using these expressions, the poet has highlighted the extent acted by the men as they are said to be inhumanities instead of cruelties. The last four lines of the poem shows the poets model on war. Their battle is described as having immemorial shames, which connotes that the war was reasonless and the triumph empty. This is furthered by the last line of the poem why spill not they of comrades that went under? This tells that the survivors of the war did not converse about their groundless companions and it implies that it would have only brought upon pain and further the fancy: that war is pointless. The poem has been written with style. Although cont! rast via nature is used to hyperbolise the impact of war, it is very effective in the poem. Owen has clearly play along in expressing his view of peace and the pointlessness of war If you necessity to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Analysis of Spring offensive, by wilfred owens, with respect to how it demonstrates the theme that war is useless

Spring sourensive; by Wilfred Owens focuses on the uselessness for warfare. at that stupefy is a striking contrast between the initiatory and last a couple of(prenominal) stanzas, as in the graduation wholly is calm, slow and pleasant. From the fifth stanza onwards, at that place is a sudden change from the serene environment, to an outbreak of activity. The poem starts off with peace and tranquility. Lying easy, were at ease and conclusion comfortable chests and knees, Cargonlessly slept. in time withal this early in the passage the last braces government nones connote the violence which is distillery to lie with. To slip the stark, blank sky beyond the ridge, knowing their feet had come to the annihilate of the world. The sky universe take outd as blank, suggests that on that load is nothing good lying ahead of them and when feet is utilise in the passage it implies that it is their feet that keeps them walking on ahead. It shows their reluctance, that, if given a choice, they wouldnt be taking this path. The second stanza happen upons the kindness of disposition to the soldiers. It soothes their pain and the airwave makes them relaxed. by the may breeze, murmurous with wasp and midge, for summer oozed into their veins, worry an injected care for for their bodies pains Bodies pains connotes that they have already been engagement at another(prenominal) front. It is an mental home to the next two lines of the poem, which like the previous stanza are admonishment more or less the imminent war. sharp on their souls hung the imminent line of shop, fearfully flashed the skys mysterious glass The imminent line of grass place exposit is the battle field and the sky flashing, gives a warning for what is about to happen. As a continuation of the 2nd stanza, the 3rd stanza, overly describes nature, as creation on their side. where the kingcup Had blessed with their gold However, there is increased warning. The brambles ar e portray as hands, which could clutch and ! look for to prevent you from going anywhere Where the minuscule brambles would not yield, still clutched and clung to them like sorrowing hands; they fade like trees unstirred The fourth stanza is different somewhat different to the first off three stanzas as, it has little mention of nature. In this stanza, the soldiers are being prepared for war, merely there is not mention nor singularity of it. No alarms Of bugles, no advanceder(prenominal) flags, no clamourous haste However when it is express the sunbathe, like a relay station with whom their love is done. The idea of death is reinforced into the minds of the reader, as the sun represents life and to say farewell to it, would misbegotten death. The last two lines of the poem in addition describe life and what they will ache with this battle. The 5th stanza is the beginning of the war. The travel of the poem increases dramatically. The first two lines describe their initiative work on and the rest of the sta nza, the reaction. Instead of having an true opponent fighting back, Owen has described nature fighting the soldiers. every the scenery created by the war, has been portrayed as things cause by nature. And outright the all in all sky burned With fury again them this style was used to depict the sudden explosion of the bombs, yet to offer that the sky burned, he emphasizes the issue of the battle. By exploitation nature to describe the fighting and the results of the it, it makes the opponent seem huge and the battle hopeless, it to a brand gives the feeling that everything is against them. Upon using earth set sudden cups In thousands for their blood It implies that the satisfying world regarded their blood to be shed in puddles on the ground. The last line alike describes the death of many soldiers. chasmed and steepened crystalline to infinite space This connotes that the earth suddenly split and swallowed everyone up with it, and an potent technique of declaring the demise of many. The last stanza is the conclusion t! o the event, and it is besides in this stanza that more of the poets dislike for war is informed to the reader.

In a continuation to the previous stanza, the poet informs us with the destructive nature of war, which is also cleverly portrayed as environment being the enemy, but unlike originally, there are very hardly a(prenominal) still standing and fighting. of them who running on that last high place Leapt to swift unseen bullets or went up On the sultry blast and fury of hells upsurge or plunged and feral external past this worlds verge, After all many that were left, end up being killed in the array of bullets and bomb blasts. There is ofttimes irony in this stanza of the poem. Some say God caught them even before they fell The word which is striking is some It connotes that perhaps god didnt capture them, and they also died, only to arrive in hell, just like those which managed to survive. The poet tells that those that remained were dreadful to their enemy, sequentially to win the war. With superhuman inhumanities By using these expressions, the poet has highlighted the extent acted by the men as they are said to be inhumanities instead of cruelties. The last four lines of the poem shows the poets model on war. Their battle is described as having immemorial shames, which connotes that the war was reasonless and the advantage empty. This is furthered by the last line of the poem why spill not they of comrades that went under? This tells that the survivors of the war did not converse about their deathlike companions and it implies that it would have only brought upon pain and further the fancy: that war is pointless. The poem has been written with style. Although contrast via nature is used to infl! ate the impact of war, it is very effective in the poem. Owen has clearly fall out in expressing his view of peace and the pointlessness of war If you hope to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Critical Anaylsis of Edgar Allen Poe's "The Bells"

Edgar Allen Poe, cardinal of Americas best known poets, may leave been star of the most misunderstood writers of all times. Because his poems often depict scenes of violence, rarity and decay, people mother often thought of Poe, not as the literary genius that he was, but as something of a madman. For example, William Butler Yates claims that Poes works were nothing short of .... a vulgar and commonplace lunatics attempt at writing. ( Yates Poetry ) Although Poes drumhead title as Master of the Macabre may have earned him a place in the hearts of execration buffs worldwide, an analysis of his works would show that his writings were actually much(prenominal)(prenominal) deeper and more complex than his popular image. The Bells is one such(prenominal) poem. In it, the verbalizer appears to contemplate the four phases of life from childhood, to marriage, to conflict, and ultimately, death. To support these mightily messages, Poe relies chiefly on rhyme, imaging, an d tone. From its opening lines , the poem itself has an almost song-like look to it. The repetition of the word bells, along with the pattern of masculine and complete rhymes, such as in the lines Keeping time, time, time/ In a sort of Runic rhyme, set up the bearonic structure. Poe also uses informal rhymes scattered throughout the poem.

An example of this can be seen in the second stanza: To the riming and the chiming of the bells!. Although Poe doesnt follow a typical rhyming scheme throughout, it should be noted that the freshman three lines in all four stanzas follow an abdominal aortic aneurysm pattern. In the opening stanza, the speaker directs our attention to the silver be lls of youth. The mood seems to be one of c! hildlike bliss, suggested by words such as merriment, melody and repetition of... If you want to get a skillful essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Analyzing the “Storm of Passion”

Kate Chopin in The Storm arranges this story in a truly dramatic sense. Adultery, the instantaneous crime of passion, the physical storm, and Calixtas family need of concern for her family caught in the storm are all(a) told dramatic examples. The use of imagery, symbolism, and raw emotion is astounding in this story. All of Calixtas inhibitions go out the window when Alcee arrives. Initially, Calixta is reserved and distant, but she selfishly succumbs to her sexual desires for Alcee in the absence of her write and son during a fierce storm. Alcee is overpowered with emotions (lust) when he holds Calixta close to his body, shun the fact that they are both unite. Her liquid blue eyes, pomegranate tree red lips, white breastsandwhite throat s sack him on a wild arousal. Calixtas lack of self defy and succumbing to such desires knowing that she is a married woman is immoral. Her expression is also very disrespectful toward her preserve and her son. Alcee initially reque st to remain outdoors on the head throughout the storm, though, that whitethorn not induct been feasible; he could have stayed deep down during the storm without such inept behavior.

The most astonishing consequence to me is when Calixtas family comes home, they all have dinner laughing together, and she nervelessly and collectively pretends like null ever happened. Obviously, the secret of her transgressions on that sultry, stormy day go forth never be unearthed. But, will she and Bobinot really alive happily ever like the end of the story suggests? The fairness of the matter is; anything done in the shadower will in conclusion come to light, including this affair. If you want to ge! t a full essay, tack together it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Arab American Minority Rights After The September 11 Attacks.

After the horrific terrorist attacks of September eleventh, can the United States and the American wad save to support the rights of Arab Americans? Can we track to bothow them the homogenous liberties that we as Americans move for granted eery day? I for superstar liveliness that this question is on the minds of legion(predicate), and we result pall to consider our solution very c ar totaly as we continue to move forward through our day to day lives in perpetual fear of additional attacks. This question has been raised at many times in our great American history. For instance, at the beginning of World War II, our nation and people were presented with a very similar question. Our elected leadership, and our free society, had to public square off what to do ab off an some other nonage group as alien enemies of the state. The conclusion is one that I am certain(p) has been regretted, and supported, by many since the end of the war. The internment of Nipponese Americans go go forth forever be a subject of discussion for those who snarl it to be the right thing to do, and for those who archetype it a crime. I do not be interior(a) if our nation of equality and justness for solely could live with our decision if we had to consider the same typeface of solution to our current caper. Arab Americans are now feeling an poor backlash to the September 11th attacks. They are being singled out all over the county as targets of wrath for what has happened, just as the Japanese were so many years ago. I dont know if the internment of Arab Americans will ever become an issue that we will have to address, but I can understand the rage that could bring it to light. I for one do not feel that this could ever be an answer to our current crisis in America.

The problem we face is that of overcoming fear, and rooting out and destroying its creators. We must protect the rights of all Americans, especially those of the Arab American minority. We gazump ourselves on our constitution, and what it represents, and as an American soldier have cuss an oath to protect and fight back it. For if we decide that it is in our interest to take away the rights of the Arab American, we do not merit to hold those same rights ourselves. After all is said and done, they are just as American as any other group of Americans, and they deserve the same protections and liberties that we take for granted all day. If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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A comparison between the classics, Antigone and A Doll's House

To understand the relationships and the differences between two stories, one must mint the books the story from beginning to end, noting which direction each story wag from the beginning. The plot must be closely looked upon as drive as the actors and their actions. Antigone and A dolls house are very same(p) stories as they both tragic stories of betrayal and mind games. In Antigone, fairy Creon makes a statewide decree stating that Polynices, the double-dealer is not to soak up a formal burial and is left hand to rot in the open, but his sister, Antigone, defies his decree thus far subsequently her sister, Ismenes, refusal to aid in his burial. She buries Polynices and is caught. Soon a Sentry (military officer) arrives at the commode to cause news to the ability of the violation of his harsh decree. The king threatens to guard the life of the messenger if he does not come clog up with news of who has buried this traitor of his kingdom. Later, she is sentenced t o be buried quick by King Creon even though she is about to espouse the kings son, Haemon. After hearing of the sentencing, Tiresias comes to the ass to utter with the king, along ramp him, a small son as an escort.

This old prophet is a blind composition that in the end of the story, is be to see better than about able-bodied men of 30 years younger than that of himself. Tiresias proves to the king that gods are not on his side and Creon changes his mind. His final finis is too late. He leaves the throne to personally bury Polynices and speak with Antigone in the cave he sentenced her to die in. He finds that Antigone had hung herself and his proclaim beloved son is no charging at... ! If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Explain the theory of Virtue Ethics

Aristotle originally introduced chastity Ethics to society in overaged Greek times. Virtue Ethics tells us that we should look at the char morseler of the soul instead of the actions or duties a person performs. Instead of concentrating on what is the salutary thing to do, preciselyice ethical motive asks how you can be a amend person. Aristotle claims that leading a properlyeous vitality is easy, and those who do, do so to be happy. pleasure is the ultimate goal for every mavin in life. To melt down a better person, you moldiness practice virtuous acts regularly. later on a while, these acts bequeath become routine and so the virtuous acts will be nonhing more than everyday life and the person a virtuous person. Aristotle said that although rectitudes should become a habit we must never forget that we behave in such a way because it is right. For sheath, if a singer practices cantabile everyday, they will become better at it and used to doing it. This is the af oresaid(prenominal) as nation who practice their virtues and soon automatically act in the right way, by practicing our skills we improve them, becoming happier. Virtues should not be an effort, only when simply a part of everyones personality.

Aristotle says that virtue is something that we acquire and atomic number 18 not just born with, people are not inherently right or prominent, but become good or bad according to the habits they develop. Aristotle said that a virtue was a Golden Mean in between to vices. These Vices are two extremes of a scale at opposite ends, one of excess and one of deficiency. For example the vices would be shamelessness and shyness, and the virtue modesty. Another example of this would be intrusiven! ess and a sense of humour as the two vices and the virtue as wittiness. If you want to get a full essay, vagabond it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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Franco -english Relations 1918-1945

äàåðéáøñéèä äòáøéú áéøåùìéí äô÷åìèä ìîãòé äçáøä äçåâ ìéçñéí áéï ìàåîééí ñîéðø áùéúåó ôòåìä àæåøé: îãåò ìà äéä ùéúåó ôòåìä áàéøåôä ùáéï îìçîåú äòåìí? îåâù ìéãé: ãø âìéä áø ðúï îåâù òì éãé: âìòã èìîåï 037537073 úåëï òðééðéí îáåà                                                                                                    2 áøéèðéä äâãåìä                                                                                 5 öøôú                                                                                                   11 ñîîðé ä÷åðôìé÷è äáéï îòöîúé áøéèðéä åöøôú àéðï îùúôåú ôòåìä                  16 ñéëåí                                                                                           !         22 ááìéàåâøôéä                                                                                          25 äòøåú ñåó                                                                                          26 îáåà ëùäúçìúé ìáçåï àú ðåùà ùéúåó äôòåìä áàéøåôä, ùì áéï äîìçîåú, çùáúé ìëúåá òì úô÷éãä ùì âøîðéä áîðéòúå. ìàçø òéåï áçåîø ääñèåøé äøìååðèé ðåëçúé ìãòú ùëîòè ëì îä ùðëúá ðåâò áöåøä æå àå àçøú ìúô÷éãä ùì âøîðéä áäøòú äéçñéí äáéï îãéðúééí áàæåø. äòéåï áçåîø äàéø àú òéðé ìòåáãä ùâí áéï äîãéðåú ùäåáéìå àú äîìçîä ðâã âøîðéä, áîìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä, ìà äéä ùéúåó ôòåìä ùì îîù, ìôçåú òã îîù ìôðé îìçîú äòåìí äùðéä. âí àæ ìà ùéúåó ôà ²Ã¥Ã¬Ã¤ (ìäìï ùúô) îÃ! ¬Ã  áðéäï. äçìèúé ìáãå÷ îä äéå äâåøîéí ìçåñø ùéúåó ôòåìä æä. îãåò çùáúé ùàôùø ìãåï áëìì áéçñé öøôú áøéèðéä áú÷åôä ääéà ëùúô àæåøé? éù ìëê îñôø ñéáåú: 1)         Ã¡Ã©Ã¯ îìçîåú äòåìí öøôú åáøéèðéä äéå îòöîåú òì ÷åìåðéàìéåú åùúô àå çåñø ùìå áéðäï äéä îùäåà òåìîé åàæåøé. 2)          äéçñéí áéï áøéèðéä ìöøôú äùôéòå òì ëì àéøåôä ëåìä îæøç åîòøá. 3)          äñéáä äùìéùéú åäàçøåðä ùâåøîú ìðåùà ìäéåú îòðééï åùååä áãé÷ä äï äúåöàåú äðåøàéåú ùäéå ìå, çåñø äùúô äæä äáéà áñåôå ùì ãáø ìîìçîú äòåìí äùðéä. äîìçîä äééúä àåìé ôåøöú áëì î÷øä, àê ëîòè ùàéï ñô÷ ùçæéú àîéúéú ùì öøôú åáøéèðéä äééúä îöìéçä ìñééí àåúठäøáä ìôðé ùäúãÃ! ƒÂ¸ÃƒÂ£ÃƒÂ¸ÃƒÂ¤ ìîìçîä äæååòúéú ùäééúä. ëàùø äúçìúé ìáãå÷ àú äðåùà áñôøåú ìà äéä ìé øòéåï îåáðä ëìùäå òì îä ù÷øä. àú ääñèåøéä äëøúé ôçåú àå éåúø àê ìà ìòåî÷ äîäìëéí äãôìåîèéí ùáéï äîãéðåú. äëøúé ø÷ àú äùúìùìåú äîàåøòåú. ëàùø éøãúé ìòåî÷ ääñèåøéä åäúçìúé ìäöìéá áéï ãòåúéäí ùì äñèåøéåðéí ùåðéí åìâáù ã òä îùì òöîé, äáðúé îãåò ìà äééúä äñéáä áøåøä ìé îìëúçéìä. äòåìí òáø ùéðåééí øáéí îàæ ùðåú äòùøéí åäàøáòéí. àçú îäúäôåëåú äâãåìåú áéåúø ù÷øå äééúä îåú äàéôøéàìéæí òí éøéãú ëåçä ùì àéøåôä, ìàçø îìçîú äòåìí äùðéä. äñéáä äòé÷øéú (ëîå ùàåëéç áîäìê äñîéðø) ìçåñø áùúô áéï áøéèðéä ìöøôú, áú÷åôä äîã åáøú, ðòåöä áñéÃ! ¸Ã¥Ã¡ áøéèé îúîùê ìäúòøá, áöåøä îçééáú, ááøéúåú äâðä úåê àéøåôàéåú áéï äùðéí 1919 òã ìîòùä ìôøåõ îìçîú äòåìí äùðéä. áøéèðéä úåôñú àú òöîä ëàéîôøéä òåìîéú äîùúøòú îäàééí äáøéèéí ìäåãå, äîæäú, àåñèøìéä, àôøé÷ä åëå. öøôú øåàä áòöîä, ìîøåú ä÷åìåðéåú ùìä áøçáé äòåìí, ÷åãí ëì ëåç àéøåôàé. äúðâùåú äúôéà ±Ã¥Ãº äæå áéï ùúé äîòöîåú äéà ùìà îàôùøú ìäï ùéúåó ôòåìä àîéúé. áòåã ùöøôú úðñä ìâøåø àú äáøéèéí ìúåê àéøåôä, î÷åí áå äéà îåãàâú áéåúø ìáéèçåðä, áëãé ùæå úòæåø ìä ìùîåø òì äãåîéððèéåú äéçñéú ùìä, áøéèðéä äúòðééðä éåúø áîúøçù á÷åìåðéåú ùìä. äîùàáéí äøáéí ùáøéèðéä äù÷éòä áàéîôøéä ùìä åäëåç äéà §Ã±Ã© ùäéà ùàáä îî! ðä äí ùòåùéí àåúä ìî÷åø òåöîúä äáéðì. äáñéñ äìåâé òìéå àðé îáññ àú äðçåúéé åìàåøå àðé îôøù àú äòåáãåú ääéñèåøéåú áäï ðú÷ìúé ðç áôøãéâîä äøàìéñèéú ìç÷ø äéçáì. ëì äîäìëéí äöøôúéí åäáøéèéí îôåøùéí òì ôé ãéìîú äáéèçåï. äîãéðåú ÷åãí ëì éãàâå ìáéèçåðï. áøéèðéä àéðä îòåðéðú áöøôú çæ÷ä åãåîéððà¨ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂº îéãé áàéøåôä. öøôú ëëåç éçéã áàéøåôä äîòøáéú äééúä îäååä àéåí ôåèðöéàìé ìàééí äáøéèéí. áøéèðéä îòåðéðú áâøîðéä çæ÷ä ùúîðò îöøôú àú äéëåìú ìäúòîú àí áøéèðéä îôçã ùì çæéú ëôåìä. îöá ëæä ùì îàæï ëåçåú úåê àéøåôé îùàéø àú áøéèðéä äîáåããú ìòéðéðéä ëöã ìà îòåøá. áøéèðéä îùúîùú áçéæå÷ âøîðéà ƒÂ¤ áëãé ìäâï îôðÃÂ! © öøôú áî÷åí äúçîùåú îùì òöîä. âåøí ðåñó ìàåúå çåñø áùéúåó ôòåìä áéï äîòöîåú ðáò îäôòøéí äòöåîéí ùäéå áéï äãøê ùáä úôñå äîòöîåú àú ëåçï äéçñé ìáéï äãøê ùäï ðúôñå òé ùëðåúéäï. âí öøôú åâí áøéèðéä äéå áèåçåú ëì àçú ùäùðéä çæ÷ä éåúø îîä ùäééúä áàîú. âåøí æä çùåá ëé ìîòùä àí áøéèðéä äééúä éåãòú òà ƒÂ£ ëîä çìùä öøôú éù ñéëåé ùäéà äééúä òåæøú ìä ëðâã äàéåí äðàöé òåã áúçéìúå ìîøåú ùëîå ùðøàä òæøä æå äééúä îåâáìú îîä ù÷éåå äöøôúéí îëéååï ùâí áøéèðéä ëáø ìà äééúä äîòöîä ùì 1914. áëãé ìäåëéç àú ëì ùàîøúé àùúîù áòé÷ø áçåîø äñèåøé. ìðéúåç äçåîø ääñèåøé åáëãé ùäñîéðø ìà éäéä ø÷ ñéôåø îòùä àìà âí áò ì âååï àðìéèé àÃ! ¹ÃºÃ®Ã¹ áôøãéâîä äùìèú áàåúä ú÷åôä (äôøãéâîä äøàìéñèéú) áëãé ìäñáéø àú îäìëé äùç÷ðéí äîòåøáéí. àúçéì áø÷ò ëììé òì îöá ëì àçú îäîòöîåú áñéåîä ùì îìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä. àîùéê ááçéðú ëîä î÷øéí îéöâéí ùì ùéúåó ôòåìä ùéëåì äéä ìäéåú àê ðîðò áâìì ñéøåá äáøéèéí ìäúçééá áàéøåôä. ìáñåó àðñä ìàåø ëì îä ùà ƒÂ´ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¸ÃƒÂ¨ÃƒÂºÃƒÂ© ìäñáéø àú àåúå ñéøåá òé÷áé ùì áøéèðéä ìäúòøá áðòùä áàéøåôä. áøéèðéä äâãåìä ø÷ò ëììé: áøéèðéä ùì ùðåú äòùøéí åäùìåùéí ùì äîàä ä-20 àéððä ãåîä ìáøéèðéä ùì éîéðå àðå. áøéèðéä äéà àéîôøéä òåìîéú, ùèçä (ëåìì ä÷åìåðéåú) ðôøù òì çîùú äéáùåú åòì 13,780,000 îééì øáåò . çì÷ ðéëø îäàéîôøéä îåù÷ò á÷åìà¥ÃƒÂ°ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂº: äåãå, îöøé! í, ôìñèéðä éøãï òéøà÷ åîãéðåú ä÷åîåðååìó (commonwealth). äñçø äáøéèé áøåáå úìåé àéîôøéä (úåôòä ùîçøéôä òí äîùáø äëìëìé). äéöåø äáøéèé ðîöà áéøéãä îúîãú áéï î-1920 åëê âí çì÷ä äéçñé ùì áøéèðéä áñçø äòåìîé . äúìåú äáøéèéú áàîôøéä îùìéëä âí òì ãå÷èøéðú äáéèçåï äáøéèéú. äáøéèéí øåàéí àú áéèçåðí, àçøé îìçîú ä òåìí äøàùåðä, ãøê òéðééí àéîôøéàìéåú. äñëðåú äòé÷øéåú äï ì÷åìåðéåú åìðúéáé äñçø, áòéåúéä ùì áøéèðéä äàîôøéàìéú äï âìåáìéåú ìà àéøåôàéåú, äàéåí òì áøéèðéä îçæéú àéøåôä ðøàä ìäí øçå÷, ìà îéãé åäí ôåòìéí ëì äæîï áëãé ìùîåø æàú ëê. áøéèðéä ðäôëú ìîòöîú ñèèåñ ÷åå òåìîéú àéï ìä àéðèøñ ìøàåú úäô åëåú âãåìåú áîÃÂ!  ÃƒÂ¦ÃƒÂ¯ äëåçåú, úäôåëåú ùòìåìåú ìâøåø àéîï îìçîä ùúçìéù àú äéëåìú äâìåáìéú äáøéèéú. áàéøåôä ìòåîú æàú áøéèðéä ðçùáú ìøååæéåðéñèéú áòåãä îðñä ìàæï àú çìå÷ú äòåöîä áéï âøîðéä ìöøôú. ãéìîú äáéèçåï äáøéèéú: áú÷åôä ùîéã ìàçø îìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä ìáøéèðéä àéï ìîòùä úôéñä ùì ãéìîú áéèçåï. áéåìé, 1919, à®ÃƒÂ«ÃƒÂ¸ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¦ ä÷áéðè äáøéèé òì ëê ùäàéîôøéä äáøéèéú ìà úäéä îòåøáú áîìçîä âãåìä ìôçåú áòùø ùðéí ä÷øåáåú. (ìäìï ëìì òùø äùðéí). ëìì òùø äùðéí àåîõ áúëðåï äàñèøèâé åáàéùåø äú÷öéáéí ìöáà. äöáà ðäôê ìëåç ùéèåø áàéîôøéä, åìà ðøàä àéåí îîòöîä æøä ìáøéèðéä áèååç äæîï ä÷øåá. á-1928 ùéëðò öøöéì (Churchill) àæ ùø äàåöø äà¡ÃƒÂ¸ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¨ÃƒÂ©, àú äåòãä ä! áøéèéú ìòðééðéé áéèçåï ìàîõ àú äëìì áúëðåï ìèååç àøåê ùìäí. áëì æàú áøéèðéä àéðä çñøú àéåîéí çéöåðééí. äàåéáéí äòé÷øééí ìôé äúôéñä äáøéèéú äí äéôðéí äîéìéèðèéí áîæøç äøçå÷ ( î-1931 òã 1936 åáãéòáã âí áîìçîú äòåìí äùðéä). ìéôðéí éù öé âãåì áîæøç, âãåì îäöé äáøéèé ùîåöá áàåúå àæåø. ìéôðéí ùìèåï îéìé èðèé ùãåâì áäúøçáåú åáîöéàú éôï àú î÷åîä äèáòé áéï àåîåú äòåìí. äéôðéí îúçéìéí áîìçîú ääúøçáåú ùìäí àì úåê ñéï áùðåú äùìåùéí åäáøéèéí øåàéí àéåí ôåèðöéàìé ìàåñèøìéä åì÷åìåðéåú äáøéèéåú áôéìéôéðéí åáîæøç äøçå÷ áëìì. àéåí ãåîä, áîæøç äúéëåï, îäååéí ìáøéèéí äàéèì÷éí. àéèìéä éåöàú îîìçîຠäòåìí äøàùåðä Ã! ƒÂ«ÃƒÂ ÃƒÂ§ÃƒÂº îäîòöîåú äîðöçåú àê äéà àéðä î÷áìú àú çì÷ä (ìúôéñúä) áùèçéí åä÷åìåðéåú ùðëáùéí. áðåñó òì ëê ùàéèìéä øåöä ìú÷ï àú äòååì ùðòùä ìä áçìå÷ú äòåìí ìàçø îìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä, àéèìéä îçæé÷ä öé âãåì áîæøç äúéëåï åìëï äéà îäååä àéåí òì äàéðèøñéí äáøéèéí áôìñèéðä åîöøéí (úòìú ñåàõ) . î-36 øåàéí äáøéà¨ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ­ ááøéäî àú äàéåí äîøëæé ìùìåí äàéîôøéä áâìì àéåí ùìä òì äâáåì äîùåúó ùìä òí äåãå, ä÷åìåðéä äáøéèéú äçùåáä áéåúø . äáøéèéí òåã ÷åãí øàå ááøéäî àéåí åàó øàå áâøîðéä äîåáñú ôúøåï ôåèðöéàìé ìàåúå àéåí. ðàåí ùì öîáøìéï îáäéø æàú . äð÷åãä ùøöéúé ìäòáéø äéà ùäáøéèéí ëìì àéðí úåôñéí àú âøîðéä ëà éåí ìàåøê øåá úÃ! ·Ã¥Ã´Ãº áéï äîìçîåú. âøîðéä ðúôñú áøàéä äáøéèéú ëîãéðä çìùä, ìà çîåùä ùéù ìù÷îä áëãé ìäùúîù áä ëðâã äëåçåú äàéøåôéí äàçøéí. áøéèðéä ëìì àéðä øåàä áðàöéæí àéåí ëàùø äåà òåìä ìùìèåï áâøîðéä. äâéùä äéà ùîä ùîúðâã ì÷åîåðéæí éëì ìäåòéì ìéöéáåú äòåìîéú -àåúä îñëðéí áòé÷ø ä÷åîåðéñèéí. áäúçìä äîòöî åú òåã îàîéðåú ìäéèìø ùëååðåúéå äï ø÷ ìú÷ï àú äòååì ùðòùä ìâøîðéä áäñëîé åøñàé. (òååì ùäáøéèéí äéå îåãòéí ìå åðéñå ìöîöí òåã áçúéîú ääñëîéí àê ìëê ðâéò îàåçø éåúø). äúøç÷åú ä÷åìåðéåú äáøéèéåú: äçùéáåú ùì äàéîôøéä ìáøéèéí äéà ëìëìéú áîäåúä, ìàçø äîùáø áëìëìé äñçø äòåìîé äôê ìúìåé âåùéí å÷à¥ÃƒÂ®ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂ°ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂ¬ÃƒÂ³ äåà âåÃ! ¹ äñçø äáøéèé. òã ñåó ùðåú äòùøéí ëùðé ùìéùéí îäù÷òåú äçåõ äáøéèéåú åëçöé îäñçø äáéï ìàåîé ùì áøéèðéä æøîå ìàîôøéä. äàîôøéä ðäôëä ìâåó ìéáøìé ùáøéèðéä áîøëæå. áøéèðéä äæøéîä úåöøú úòùééúéú ìîåùáåú åäï áúîåøä ñô÷å ìä úåöøú ç÷ìàéú åîçöáéí âåìîééí. äàîôøéä äééúä ìùèç äîçééä ùì áøéèðéä, áéú ìàëìåñéä äòåãôú ùìä åî÷åí ìäæøîú øòéåðåúéä äìéáøìéí çáøúééí. áî÷áéì ìäúâáøåú äúìåú äáøéèéú áàîôøéä äéà äçìä ìäúôåøø. ìàçø îìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä åëúåöàä îéãéú ùìä äçìå ä÷åìåðéåú äáøéèéåú áòìåú äùìèåï äòöîé ìá÷ù ãéåï îçãù áîòîãï áàéîôøéä. á-1922 æåëä ãøåí àéøìðã áòöîàåú. ìàçø äöäøú áìôåø î-1926 åäç÷é÷ä ùéöàä Ã! ƒÂ®ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂ±ÃƒÂ¨ÃƒÂ®ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ°ÃƒÂ±ÃƒÂ¨ÃƒÂ¸ (The Westminster Statute) á-1931 ùàø äçáøåú äùåðåú á÷åîåðååìó ÷áìå ìîòùä òöîàåú îìàä àí îãéðéåú çåõ òöîàéú . áîðãèéí äáøéèéí äùåðéí (áàôøé÷ä, éùøàì, éøãï, äåãå åëå) äúðäìä îìçîú âøéìä ùàéìöä àú äáøéèéí ìäôòéì àú öáàí áàåôï àéðèðñéáé òì îðú ìùîåø òì àô÷èéáéåú ùìèåðí åäñãø äöéáåøé . ä÷åìåðéåú ìà äéå îà ƒÂ¥ÃƒÂ«ÃƒÂ°ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂº ìöàú ìîìçîä áâìì áòéåú àéøåôàéåú. ãåâîä ìëê äéà úâåáú ä÷åîåðååìó ìäùúìèåú äâøîðéú òì öëåñìåá÷éä. á-1 ìñôèîáø, 1938, øàùé äîîùìåú ùì ãøåí àôøé÷ä åàåñèøìéä äëøéæå ùàéï áëååðú îãéðåúéäí ìäúòøá öáàéú ìöã áøéèðéä. á- 24 ðöéâé ðéå æéìðã, ãøåí àôøé÷ä, ÷ðãä åàåñèøìéä áìåðãåï äëøéæå ùàñåø ìäöòåú äà ƒÂ¢ÃƒÂ¸ÃƒÂ®ÃƒÂ°ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂº áîåî òí! öîáøìééï ìäéäôê ì-casus belli . á- 28 ìçåãù àéùø äôøìîðè äãøåí àôøé÷àé äöòä ìðéèøìéåú, ôä àçã. ìîøåú äúøç÷åú æå ùì ä÷åìåðéåú áôï äöáàé îäçìèåú äîøëæ ááøéèðéä ìà ôçúä úìåúä ùì áøéèðéä á÷åìåðéåú. äîãéðéåú äáøéèéú ðùàøä àçú ùì àçãåú äàéîôøéä áëì îçéø. ìàåø äîùáø öåèè öîáøìéï áàåîøå: There us no point in fighting a war that would break the British Em pire, while trying to secure the safety of the joined Kingdom . äôöéôéæí ááøéèðéä: äúçåùä ùáøéèðéä, ëîå áùàø àéøåôä, ìàçø îìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä äééúä ùìòåìí ìà éúðå ìîìçîä ùëæå ìôøåõ ùåá. éåæîåú ôéøå÷ äðù÷ åöîöåí ääù÷òä ááéèçåï äú÷áìå ááøëä ááøéèðéä. áøéèðéä äúàôééðä áúçåùú ãçééä ëìôé îìçîä ùáìèä áîéåçã áöã äùîàìé ùì äîôä äôåìéèéà º àê äééúä ÷ééîú! âí áîøëæ áéîéï. äùîàì ùìàçø äîìçîä éåöâ òé äìééáåø, äéä ôöéôéñèé áîäåúå åúîê áùéúåó ôòåìä òåìîé (áîåðçé äéåí àéøåôàé òí, àåìé àøäá) ìôéøå÷ ðù÷ åîðéòú îìçîä . äéîéï úîê áôéøå÷ ðù÷ îîðéòéí ú÷öéáééí àê òã ìâáåì äéëåìú äáøéèéú ìäâï òì äàéîôøéä. äúçåùä áøçåá åáöáà äáøéèé äéå ùì ééàåù îîìçîä ëåìà ¬Ãº åôçã îîä ùéáéà äùéîåù áðù÷ îåãøðé. áéèåé ìúçåùåú àéìå àôùø ìîöåà áðàåí ùì îåîçä ìúòåôä ùðàí áôðé äôøìîðè äáøéèé áñåó 1932: I think it is well for the man of the suck up to realize that there is no power on homo which can protect him from being bombed. Whatever people may tell him, the bomber get out always get through with(p)¦ the only defense is in offense, which means that you have to take in off more women and children more quickly than the enemy if you postulate to present yourselves . äðàåí äæä öåèè ùåá åùåá òé âåøîé àåôåæéöéä åàøâåðéí ôöà ƒÂ©ÃƒÂ´ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ±ÃƒÂ¨ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ­. äåà ðåÃÂ! ºÃƒÂ¯ áéèåé áøåø ìäìê äøåç ùùìè áøçåá åáäðäâä äáøéèéí. æîï ÷öø ìàçø îëï áðåáîáø 1932 úà ôåìéèé áàå÷ñôåøã áùí ä- the Oxford Union äëøéæ ùàðùé ìà éîåúå ìîòï äîìê åäîãéðä . á-16 ìàå÷èåáø, 1933 ìàçø ôøéùúä ùì âøîðéä îäåòéãä ìôéøå÷ äðù÷ ùðòøëä áâðáä äúáèà îðäéâ äàåôåæéöéä ááøéèðéä, âåøâ ìðñáøé (George Lansbury) ðâã âøîðéä áîéìéí àà ©Ã¬Ã¥: We who belong to the pink of my John achievement cannot for a split second consent to the rearmament of Germ some(prenominal) éåîééí ìàçø îëï äåà äåñéó åàîø: On behalf of the Labour Party, I have to learn we shall contradict the rearmament of Germany. We shell demand that the British government shall select the air current and call upon all its associates themselves to demilitarise and thus carry break through the pledges given to Germany in 1919. This is a matter of follow¦ äåà äîùéê áàåîøå: We will not support an increase in armaments only if we shall too refuse to support our own or any another(prenominal) government in an endeavour to apply penalties or sanctions against Germany. No one will ask for these if great nations immediately, considerably disarm and continue until universal disarmament is accomplished ðàåîéà ƒÂ¥ ùì îðäéâ äàåôÃÂ! ¥ÃƒÂ¦ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¶ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¤ äáøéèéú îáèàéí áöåøä äéôä áéåúø àú äøåç äôöéôéñèéú ùùìèä ááøéèðéä. çéîåùä îçãù ùì âøîðéä åäñëðåú ùáàåú òéîå ìà äöìéçå ìäáéà àôéìå îôìâä àçú (ìîòè äéîéï ä÷éöåðé äáøéèé) ááéú äðáçøéí äáøéèé ì÷øåà ìçéîåù îçãù àå ìàéæå ùäéà ôòåìä ðâã âøîðéä. äøåç äùìèú äééúä ùì ôéøå÷ ðù÷ åäéîðòåú îëì ò éîåú çîåù àå àéåí ùì îìçîä ÷øáä . á-1934 îå÷í ááøéèðéä äàéâåã äùáåòä ìùìåí, àøâåï ôöéôéñèé ùá-1935 ëáø îöìéç ìäùéâ 11 îìéåï çúéîåú òì îñîê ùìå ùð÷øà äöáòä ìùìåí. äöéáåø äáøéèé ìà øöä îìçîä åìà äéä îåëï ìùìí àôéìå òáåø äîéðéîåí ùäéä ãøåù ìäâðúå. ëàùø á-1936, öîáøìééï îòáéø áôøìîðè úåëðéú çéîåù îçãù ùúúáöà ² ìàåøê 4 ùðéí (òì ! áñéñä ðáðä äëåç äáøéèé ùðìçí áîìçîú äòåìí äùðéä) èòðä äàåôåæéöéä ùäåà îçøçø îìçîä, ôåâò áùëáåú äçìùåú åëå. äìê äøåç äæä ùùìè ááøéèðéä ùì àçøé îìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä éòæåø ìé ìäñáéø ìàçø îëï îãåò äéññä áøéèðéä ìúîåê áöøôú åìúú ìä òøáåéåú ìùìåîä àì îåì âøîðéä. áøéèðéä ìà éëìä, ìà îáçéðú çåñï ìàà ƒÂ¥ÃƒÂ®ÃƒÂ© åìà îáçéðú îùàáéí öáàééí ìòæåø ìöøôú. öøôú ðúôñä áòéðé äáøéèéí ëàéåí ìñèèåñ ÷åå ùòìåì ìäáéà ìîìçîä. äîùáø äëìëìé: äîùáø äëìëìé äçì á-1929, äåà äéä ëì ëê çîåø òã ùòåøø çùùåú àîéúééí ìäúôåøøåú äçáøä ááøéèðéä åìîéèåè îòîãä äâìåáàìé. äñçø äáøéèé éøã á-40 àçåæ. äáøéèéí, áöòã ðåàù ðèùå àú äöîãú äôàà ƒÂ¥ÃƒÂ°ÃƒÂ£ ìæäá. äôàåðÃÂ! £ äáøéèé ôåçú, äöéáåø àéáã áå àîåï. ëçîéùéú îëåç äòáåãä äîáåèç ááéèåç ìàåîé äéä îåáèì. àéæåï äú÷öéá ðúôñ ëãøê ìäçìîú äëìëìä åäçáøä, äáøéèéí ä÷ôéãå òì ùîéøú äîéñåé áîéðéîåí åòì ùìéèä îçîéøä åã÷ã÷ðéú òì äåöàåú äîîùìä. àôéìå ëàùø, ìàçø îùáø îðöåøéä, ðñåâå äáøéèéí îëìì òùø äùðéí, òãééï äæãøæ îù øã äàåöø äáøéèé ìöàú áäöäøä ùàéï áîöá úéøåõ ìëåçåú ääâðä äáøéèéí ìôøåõ àú îñâøåú äú÷öéá, æàú áâìì äîöá äëìëìé ä÷ùä áå ðîöàú áøéèðéä . äáøéèéí äéå îòãéôéí ìôòåì áùéúåó ôòåìä áéðì ìäáøàú äëìëìä äâìåáàìéú àê äôøåè÷öéåðéæí ùìè áëìëìä äòåìîéú åäáøéèéí ðàìöå ìôòåì áàåúä ùéèä. äáøéèéí ðèùå àຠäñçø äçåôùé åôÃ! ƒÂ°ÃƒÂ¥ åôøåè÷öéåðéæí ôðéí àéîôøéàìé. á-1932 áàåèååä (Ottawa) çúîå áøéèðéä åäãåîéðéåðéí (ùáùìá æä ëáø äéå òöîàééí) òì äñëí ùäôê àú äàîôøéä ìâåù ëìëìé äîåâï òé îëñéí åîñâøåú éáåà îåâáìåú îîãéðåú ùîçåöä ìå). ñéëåí: äàéîôøéä äáøéèéú éåöàú îîìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä ëîòöîä îðöçú. äîáðä äçáøúé åäùìèåðé ùìä ìà ðôâ òéí åàéï äéà çååä àú äæòæåòéí ùçåå äîòöîåú äàçøåú ëîå öøôú, òì àãîúä ðåäìä äîìçîä åàáãåúéä äéå òöåîåú àå âøîðéä åøåñéä ùùìèåðï äúîåèè. äàéîôøéä äáøéèéú ø÷ âãìä áùèçä ëàùø äéà î÷áìú îðãè òì ùèçéí øáéí ùì äàéîôøéä äòåúåîðéú åä÷åìåðéåú äâøîðéåú ìùòáø. áëì æàú òáøå òì äàéîôøéä äáøéèéú, úäìéà «Ã©Ã­ çáøúééí åîáÃ! ƒÂ°ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ­ ùùéðå àú ôðéä åéòæøå ìé ìäñáéø îàåçø éåúø àú äúðâãåúä ìäùúúó ìöã öøôú áîäìëéí äôåìéèéí äôðéí àéøåôàéí. äàéîôøéä âãìä àê îúôåøøú ìâåôéí òöîàééí ùìà îçåéáéí ìîãéðéåú äçåõ äáøéèéú. çùåá ìäáéï ùáâìì äçåìùä äöáàéú äáøéèéú åäöåøê ùìä ìäâï òì ëìì äàéîôøéä (àæåøé äîðãè åä÷åìåðéåú) àéï áøéà ƒÂ¨ÃƒÂ°ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ¤ îòåðéðú áâåó àçã äâîåðé áàéøåôä. ëàùø àéøåôä îôåøãú åðîöàú áñèèåñ ÷åå ùì îàæï ëåçåú áøéèðéä éëåìä ìúàâã ìöã äçìù áùòú îùáø åëê ìîðåò îìçîä. ëê òáãä äîòøëú òã îìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä. ëåç ãåîéððèé àçã áàéøåôä àå àéøåôä îàåçãú îäååéí ñëðä ìáéèçåðä ùì áøéèðéä. áî÷øä ëæä áøéèðéä úàìõ ìøëæ àú ëåçåúéä äöáàéé! í ìäâðú äàé åìà úåëì ìùîåø òì äù÷è áàéîôøéä àå òì ðúéáé äñçø ùìä. äáøéèéí çæøå ìáéãåã ùìäí îîðéòéí ëìëìééí, áéèçåðééí åáâìì äìê øåç ùì ôöéôéæí åçåñø øöåï ìäúòøá ùùìè áçáøä äáøéèéú. îðéòéí àéìå éâøîå ìäí ìäúøç÷ îöøôú åàôéìå áîéãä îñåéîú ìúîåê áâøîðéä. öøôú ëììé: öøôú ùì 1918 äéà îòöîä àéøåôéú áòé÷øä ìîøåú ùéù ìä ÷åìåðéåú åàæåøé îðãè áàôøé÷ä, áîæäú, áãøåí àîøé÷ä åîæøç äøçå÷. äéà ðôøñú òì ôðé ë- 4,200,000 îéìéåï îééì øáåò . öøôú øåàä áðéöçåï ùìä òì âøîðéä äæãîðåú ìð÷îä. áòøé öøôú òåã æåëøéí àú ääôñã ùì 1870 åàú äñëí äîùôéì ùòìéå äåëøçå ìçúåí. áîìçîä äàçøåðä ðäøâå ë- 1,315,000 îáðéä, ë-27 àçåæ îäâáøéí áðé âéìàé 18 òã 27, îëä Ã! ·Ã¹Ã¤ îæå ùðçúä òì ùàø äîùúúôåú áîìçîä ìîòè ñøáéä . äöøôúéí äéå ðçåùéí áãòúí ìäùéá ìâøîðéä ëâîåìä. äñëí äùìåí ùðçúí áåøñàé ðñá ëåìå ñáéá ôéøå÷ä ùì âøîðéä îðù÷, ùèçéí åîùàáéí ëìëìééí. äîàá÷ äöøôúé ìîéâåø ëåçä ùì âøîðéä ëîòöîä äãåîéððèéú áàéøåôä äéååä àú îøëæ îãéðéåú äçåõ ùìä áùðéí ùì áéï äîìà §Ã®Ã¥Ãº . öøôú âí äéà, àí ëé îîðéòéí ùåðéí îùì áøéèðéä, îòöîú ñèèåñ ÷åå. ãéìîú äáéèçåï äöøôúéú: îèøúí ùì äöøôúéí äééúä ìäáèéç ùâøîðéä ìòåìí ìà úùåá ìàééí òì öøôú. äðéöçåï äéä äñéëåé ùìäí ìòöåø àú äéøéãä äîúîãú áîòîãí äáéðì ùçìä ìàåøê äîàä ä-19. öøôú äçæé÷ä áöáà äéáùúé äâãåì áéåúø åáàçã äöééí äâãåìà ƒÂ©ÃƒÂ­ áòåìí. ì÷çéä Ã! ƒÂ¤ÃƒÂ ÃƒÂ±ÃƒÂ¨ÃƒÂ¸ÃƒÂ¨ÃƒÂ¢ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ­ îîìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä äéå ëåìí äâðúééí. äàãîä äöøôúéú ðçùáä ì÷ãåùä, áëê áä ìéãé áéèåé ëåçí äôåìéèé äâãåì ùì äàéëøéí áàåîä äöøôúéú. äîçùáä äöáàéú äöøôúéú äúøëæä áîðéòú ôìéùä ìùèçä . ëàùø éåùáú äåòãä äöáàéú äöøôúéú á-1922 åùåàìú àú òöîä îäéà äãøê äèåáä ìäâï òì äàåîä äöøôúéú îôìéùä òà ºÃ©Ã£Ã©Ãº ùì äâøîðéí (ùëåìí äéå áèåçéí ùúáåà îúé ùäåà) äí îðúçéí àú ìåçîú çéì äøâìéí äöøôúé áîìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä. äìçéîä áçôéøåú, ìîøåú ùòìúä áîàåú àìôé çééí, äöìéçä ìáìåí àú äôìéùä äâøîðéú. äåòãä îçìéèä ìéöåø ֌ áéöåøéí ÷áåò åáìúé çãéø ìàåøê âáåìä äîæøçé ùì öøôú. áîùê ùáò ùðéí äúãééðå äöøôúéí à²ÃƒÂ¬ äãøê áä àîåø ì! äéåú áðåé ֌ äáéöåøéí ëàùø äí îøéöéí ëì ôòí îçãù àú ì÷çé ä÷øá áåøãï áúåø ãåâîä ììçéîä äòúéãéú. ëåìí îñëéîéí ù÷å äáéöåøéí öøéê ìäéåú øöåó åëê éëåì ìäéåú ùàôéìå éøúéò àú äâøîðéí îìôìåù. ëàùø ëì öáàåú äòåìí úøâìå îìçîä ðòä äöøôúéí äúáöøå áâáåìí åäôëå àú öáàí ìðééç. (òåáãä ùðâãä ìçìåèéï àú äàñà ¸Ã¨Ã¢Ã©Ã¤ äîãéðéú ùìäí ëîå ùàøàä îàåçø éåúø) . áøéúåú äâðä: öøôú îåãòú ìçåìùúä äéçñéú ìàåøê æîï îåì âøîðéä åîðñä ìáåãã àåúä áòæøú ñãøú áøéúåú öáàéåú ùáàå ëáéëåì ìäáèéç àú äùìåí áàéøåôä. áøéèðéä ñéøáä ìëøåú áøéú äâðä òí öøôú, âí îîùìú äìééáåø åâí îîùìú äùîøðéí ñéøáå ìäöòåú öøôúéåú ðôøãåú ìëøåú áøéúåú äâðä. äöÃ! ƒÂ²ÃƒÂ¥ÃƒÂº öøôúéåú ìúú áéãé çáø äìàåîéí ëåç öáàé îùîòåúé ùéåëì ìàëåó àú äùìåí òì àåîåú úå÷ôðéåú ðãçå ôòîééí, âí áæðáä åâí áåòéãú ëéðåï äçáø. äàîøé÷àéí åäáøéèéí ôçãå îðéöåì ìøòä ùì ëåç ùëæä òì éãé äöøôúéí. äçùã ìà äéä îùåìì éñåã, äìåáé äúòùééúé äöøôúé øöä ìðöì àú äùðéí ùìàçø îìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä áëà£ÃƒÂ© ìçñì àú äúòùééä äâøîðéú åòì éãé ëê ìäùéâ äâîåðéä àéøåôàéú . öøôú îåöàú àú áòìåú áøéúä äèáòéåú á÷øá îãéðåú äáì÷ï. á-1921 çåúîú öøôú òì áøéú äâðä òí ôåìéï. á-1924 ìáøéú òí öëåñìåá÷éä á-1926 òí øåîðéä åá1927 àí éåâåñìáéä. öëåñìåá÷éä, øåîðéä, åéåâåñìáéä çúîå òì áøéúåú áéðï ìáéï òöîï òåã á- 11920 åëê ðëðñú öøôú ìáà ¸Ã©Ãº ä÷èðä (Little Entente). Ã! ¶Ã¸Ã´Ãº îúçééáú ìà ø÷ ìàëéôú äñëí åøñàé àìà ìàëéôú äñãø äàéøåôé ëåìå. ëì æä áòåã öáàä òåáø (ëîå ùäøàéúé ÷åãí) úäìéëéí ùìå÷çéí îîðå àú äéëåìú ìúîøï, àú äéëåìú ìäéåú öáà äú÷ôé ðééã, ëîå ùãøåù ì÷éåí äáøéúåú äììå. áñéëåîå ùì ãáø öøôú, ìîøåú ùäéà îçééáú îòáø ìéëåìúä, éöøä îàæï ëåçåú ùáúéàåøéä éàôùø ìä ìéöåø çæéú ùðéä ìâøîðéä áùòú îìçîä. ëìëìä: öøôú éöàä îîìçîú äòåìí äøàùåðä áîöá ëìëìé ÷ùä: áîàîõ äîìçîúé äéà äåöéà ëøáò îäúåöø äìàåîé ùìä. ë-7 àçåæ îùèçä ðäøñå ëìéì áîìçîä ëåìì ëîä ùèçé úòùééä òùéøéí. 31,000 ÷éìåîèø øáåò ùì àãîä ç÷ìàéú ðäøñå åðåúøä áäí ùîîä. ë-5,600 ÷éìåîèø ùì ôñé øëáú Ã¥-48,000 ÷éìåîèø ùì ëá éùéí äåùîãå. úôÃ! ¥Ã·Ãº äôçí äöøôúéú éøãä á-37 àçåæéí, úôå÷ú äôìãä éøãä á-60 àçåæéí ìòåîú äîöá á-1914. äâéøòåï äîñçøé ùì öøôú òìä á-16 îéìéåï ôøð÷. îùøã äàåöø äöøôúé çéùá àú ðæ÷é äîìçîä ìîù÷ äöøôúé åäâéò ìðæ÷éí áùååé 134,000,000,000 îø÷ æäá. äîöá äëìëìé äöøôúé ø÷ äîùéê ìäúãøãø. áæîï ùáéúú äðù÷ ùòø äçìéôéï ùì äôøð÷ äéä 26 ôøð÷ ììéøä ñèøà ƒÂ¬ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ°ÃƒÂ¢, áæîï îöòã äðéöçåï äùòø òìä ì-51 ôøð÷ ìñèøìéðâ, òã îàé 1926 äåà òìä ì- 178 ôøð÷ ìñèøìéðâ åáéåìé, 1926 ëáø äâéò ì-200 ôøð÷ ìñèøìéðâ. ãøéùåúéäí ùì äôåòìéí äöøôúéí ìùéôåø úðàéí ò÷á äàéðôìöéä åäöåøê ìùìí ôéöåééí ìðôâòé äîìçîä áðåñó ìçåáåúéä äòöåîéí ùì öøôú åäàùìéä ùéáåàå ôéöåééí îâøîðéä, äáéàå ìäâáøú ֈ ƒÂ¶ÃƒÂ¡ äàéðôìöéä. áÃÂ! ¥ÃƒÂ²ÃƒÂ©ÃƒÂ£ÃƒÂº äùìåí ëáø äòøéëä öøôú àú äôéöåééí äðãøùéí ìùé÷åîä áë-209,000,000,000 ôøð÷ æäá. îñôø ùáååãàé äéä îåâæí àê òãééï ðòåõ áàéæåùäé îéãä ùì öåøê àîéúé. äôéöåééí ùâøîðéä ùéìîä áñåôå ùì ãáø äéå øçå÷éí îîä ùãøùå äöøôúéí. äâøîðéí ìà øöå åâí ìà äéå îñåâìéí ìäòîéã ëæä ñëåí ùì ëñó. úîéëú áòìåú äáøéú äàçøéí åáøà ƒÂ ÃƒÂ¹ÃƒÂ¯ áøéèðéä ðéúðä ìâøîðéí. àó îòöîä ìîòè öøôú ìà äééúä îòåðéðú áäúîåèèåúä ùì âøîðéä. áîäìê äîçöéú äøàùåðä ùì ùðåú äòùøéí äúçìôå ùáòä ùøé àåöø öøôúééí áðéñéåï ìééöá àú äëìëìä åäîèáò. øâéòä (åìå ø÷ ìùìåù ùðéí) äâéòä àí áçéøúå ùì ôåàð÷àøà (poincare) . äîùáø äëìëìé ðîùê ìàåøê ùðåú äùìåùéí åäáéà òîå îùà ¡Ã¸Ã©Ã­ ÷åàìéöéåðÃ! ©Ã­ ùìà àôùøå ðéäåì îãéðéåú áøåøä áùìèåï äöøôúé . ôåìéèé÷ä: áðéâåã ìîòøëú äôåìéèéú äáøéèéú ùäåøëáä îîñôø îöåîöí ùì îôìâåú âãåìåú, äîòøëú äôåìéèéú áöøôú äééúä øöåôä áîôìâåú ÷èðåú å÷áåöåú àéðèøñ ùåðåú. àó îôìâä ìà éëìä ì÷ååú ìøëåù îñôé÷ ÷åìåú áëãé ì÷áì øåá áôøìîðè äöøôúé. øéáåé äîôìâåú áöø ôú åðéâåãé äàéðèøñéí áéðäï âøí ìçåñø éöéáåú ùì äîîùìåú äðáçøåú. ùøéí äçæé÷å áúô÷éãí ø÷ îñôø çåãùéí îåòè çéìåôé îîùì ðòùå ãáø ùáùâøä. äôøìîðè äöøôúé éëåì äéä ìäéåú îôåæø ø÷ áàéùåøå ùì äñðè (ùìà ðéúï ìàåøê ëì äú÷åôä) øàù